Former President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1991-1993). Degree in Mine Engineering and Doctorate in Economics, in 1968 he joined l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration. In 1970 he became Auditor to the State Council and Councillor in 1989. From 1981 to 1991 he was Special Adviser to the President of the French Republic. Author of many books and essays, his current works focus on contemporary society and geo-political analysis on the globalisation of the 21st Century.